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Chapters

1. Upgrading to Rails 3
   • Rails 3 requires at least Ruby 1.8.7
   • Rails Application object
   • script/* replaced by script/rails
   • Dependencies and config.gem
   • Upgrade Process
2. Creating a Rails 3.0 application
   • Vendoring Gems
   • Living on the Edge
3. Rails Architectural Changes
   • Railties Restrung
   • All Rails core components are decoupled
   • Active Model Abstraction
   • Controller Abstraction
   • Arel Integration
   • Mail Extraction
4. Documentation
5. Internationalization
6. Railties
7. Action Pack
   • Abstract Controller
   • Action Controller
   • Action Dispatch
   • Action View
8. Active Model
   • ORM Abstraction and Action Pack Interface
   • Validations
9. Active Record
   • Query Interface
   • Enhancements
   • Patches and Deprecations
10. Active Resource
11. Active Support
12. Action Mailer
13. Credits

To install Rails 3:

# Use sudo if your setup requires it
$ gem install rails

1 Upgrading to Rails 3

If you're upgrading an existing application, it's a great idea to have good test coverage before going in. You should also first upgrade to Rails 2.3.5 and make sure your application still runs as expected before attempting to update to Rails 3. Then take heed of the following changes:

1.1 Rails 3 requires at least Ruby 1.8.7

Rails 3.0 requires Ruby 1.8.7 or higher. Support for all of the previous Ruby versions has been dropped officially and you should upgrade as early as possible. Rails 3.0 is also compatible with Ruby 1.9.2.

1.2 Rails Application object

As part of the groundwork for supporting running multiple Rails applications in the same process, Rails 3 introduces the concept of an Application object. An application object holds all the application specific configurations and is very similar in nature to config/environment.rb from the previous versions of Rails.

Each Rails application now must have a corresponding application object. The application object is defined in config/application.rb. If you're upgrading an existing application to Rails 3, you must add this file and move the appropriate configurations from config/environment.rb to config/application.rb.

1.3 script/* replaced by script/rails

The new script/rails replaces all the scripts that used to be in the script directory. You do not run script/rails directly though, the rails command detects it is being invoked in the root of a Rails application and runs the script for you. Intended usage is:

$ rails console                      # instead of script/console
$ rails g scaffold post title:string # instead of script/generate scaffold post title:string

Run rails --help for a list of all the options.

1.4 Dependencies and config.gem

The config.gem method is gone and has been replaced by using bundler and a Gemfile, see Vendoring Gems below.

1.5 Upgrade Process

To help with the upgrade process, a plugin named Rails Upgrade has been created to automate part of it.

Simply install the plugin, then run rake rails:upgrade:check to check your app for pieces that need to be updated (with links to information on how to update them). It also offers a task to generate a Gemfile based on your current config.gem calls and a task to generate a new routes file from your current one. To get the plugin, simply run the following:

$ ruby script/plugin install git://github.com/rails/rails_upgrade.git

You can see an example of how that works at Rails Upgrade is now an Official Plugin

Aside from Rails Upgrade tool, if you need more help, there are people on IRC and rubyonrails-talk that are probably doing the same thing, possibly hitting the same issues. Be sure to blog your own experiences when upgrading so others can benefit from your knowledge!

2 Creating a Rails 3.0 application

# You should have the 'rails' RubyGem installed
$ rails new myapp
$ cd myapp

2.1 Vendoring Gems

Rails now uses a Gemfile in the application root to determine the gems you require for your application to start. This Gemfile is processed by the Bundler which then installs all your dependencies. It can even install all the dependencies locally to your application so that it doesn't depend on the system gems.

More information: - bundler homepage

2.2 Living on the Edge

Bundler and Gemfile makes freezing your Rails application easy as pie with the new dedicated bundle command, so rake freeze is no longer relevant and has been dropped.

If you want to bundle straight from the Git repository, you can pass the --edge flag:

$ rails new myapp --edge

If you have a local checkout of the Rails repository and want to generate an application using that, you can pass the --dev flag:

$ ruby /path/to/rails/bin/rails new myapp --dev

3 Rails Architectural Changes

There are six major changes in the architecture of Rails.

3.1 Railties Restrung

Railties was updated to provide a consistent plugin API for the entire Rails framework as well as a total rewrite of generators and the Rails bindings, the result is that developers can now hook into any significant stage of the generators and application framework in a consistent, defined manner.

3.2 All Rails core components are decoupled

With the merge of Merb and Rails, one of the big jobs was to remove the tight coupling between Rails core components. This has now been achieved, and all Rails core components are now using the same API that you can use for developing plugins. This means any plugin you make, or any core component replacement (like DataMapper or Sequel) can access all the functionality that the Rails core components have access to and extend and enhance at will.

More information: - The Great Decoupling

3.3 Active Model Abstraction

Part of decoupling the core components was extracting all ties to Active Record from Action Pack. This has now been completed. All new ORM plugins now just need to implement Active Model interfaces to work seamlessly with Action Pack.

More information: - Make Any Ruby Object Feel Like ActiveRecord

3.4 Controller Abstraction

Another big part of decoupling the core components was creating a base superclass that is separated from the notions of HTTP in order to handle rendering of views, etc. This creation of AbstractController allowed ActionController and ActionMailer to be greatly simplified with common code removed from all these libraries and put into Abstract Controller.

More Information: - Rails Edge Architecture

3.5 Arel Integration

Arel (or Active Relation) has been taken on as the underpinnings of Active Record and is now required for Rails. Arel provides an SQL abstraction that simplifies out Active Record and provides the underpinnings for the relation functionality in Active Record.

More information: - Why I wrote Arel

3.6 Mail Extraction

Action Mailer ever since its beginnings has had monkey patches, pre parsers and even delivery and receiver agents, all in addition to having TMail vendored in the source tree. Version 3 changes that with all email message related functionality abstracted out to the Mail gem. This again reduces code duplication and helps create definable boundaries between Action Mailer and the email parser.

More information: - New Action Mailer API in Rails 3

4 Documentation

The documentation in the Rails tree is being updated with all the API changes, additionally, the Rails Edge Guides are being updated one by one to reflect the changes in Rails 3.0. The guides at guides.rubyonrails.org however will continue to contain only the stable version of Rails (at this point, version 2.3.5, until 3.0 is released).

More Information: - Rails Documentation Projects

5 Internationalization

A large amount of work has been done with I18n support in Rails 3, including the latest I18n gem supplying many speed improvements.

• I18n for any object - I18n behavior can be added to any object by including ActiveModel::Translation and ActiveModel::Validations. There is also an errors.messages fallback for translations.
• Attributes can have default translations.
• Form Submit Tags automatically pull the correct status (Create or Update) depending on the object status, and so pull the correct translation.
• Labels with I18n also now work by just passing the attribute name.

More Information: - Rails 3 I18n changes

6 Railties

With the decoupling of the main Rails frameworks, Railties got a huge overhaul so as to make linking up frameworks, engines, or plugins as painless and extensible as possible:

• Each application now has its own name space, application is started with YourAppName.boot for example, makes interacting with other applications a lot easier.
• Anything under Rails.root/app is now added to the load path, so you can make app/observers/user_observer.rb and Rails will load it without any modifications.

• Rails 3.0 now provides a Rails.config object, which provides a central repository of all sorts of Rails wide configuration options.

  Application generation has received extra flags allowing you to skip the installation of test-unit, Active Record, Prototype and Git. Also a new --dev flag has been added which sets the application up with the Gemfile pointing to your Rails checkout (which is determined by the path to the rails binary). See rails --help for more info.

Railties generators got a huge amount of attention in Rails 3.0, basically:

• Generators were completely rewritten and are backwards incompatible.
• Rails templates API and generators API were merged (they are the same as the former).
• Generators are no longer loaded from special paths anymore, they are just found in the Ruby load path, so calling rails generate foo will look for generators/foo_generator.
• New generators provide hooks, so any template engine, ORM, test framework can easily hook in.
• New generators allow you to override the templates by placing a copy at Rails.root/lib/templates.
• Rails::Generators::TestCase is also supplied so you can create your own generators and test them.

Also, the views generated by Railties generators had some overhaul:

• Views now use div tags instead of p tags.
• Scaffolds generated now make use of _form partials, instead of duplicated code in the edit and new views.
• Scaffold forms now use f.submit which returns "Create ModelName" or "Update ModelName" depending on the state of the object passed in.

Finally a couple of enhancements were added to the rake tasks:

• rake db:forward was added, allowing you to roll forward your migrations individually or in groups.
• rake routes CONTROLLER=x was added allowing you to just view the routes for one controller.

Railties now deprecates:

• RAILS_ROOT in favor of Rails.root,
• RAILS_ENV in favor of Rails.env, and
• RAILS_DEFAULT_LOGGER in favor of Rails.logger.

PLUGIN/rails/tasks, and PLUGIN/tasks are no longer loaded all tasks now must be in PLUGIN/lib/tasks.

More information:

• Discovering Rails 3 generators
• The Rails Module (in Rails 3)

7 Action Pack

There have been significant internal and external changes in Action Pack.

7.1 Abstract Controller

Abstract Controller pulls out the generic parts of Action Controller into a reusable module that any library can use to render templates, render partials, helpers, translations, logging, any part of the request response cycle. This abstraction allowed ActionMailer::Base to now just inherit from AbstractController and just wrap the Rails DSL onto the Mail gem.

It also provided an opportunity to clean up Action Controller, abstracting out what could to simplify the code.

Note however that Abstract Controller is not a user facing API, you will not run into it in your day to day use of Rails.

More Information: - Rails Edge Architecture

7.2 Action Controller

• application_controller.rb now has protect_from_forgery on by default.
• The cookie_verifier_secret has been deprecated and now instead it is assigned through Rails.application.config.cookie_secret and moved into its own file: config/initializers/cookie_verification_secret.rb.
• The session_store was configured in ActionController::Base.session, and that is now moved to Rails.application.config.session_store. Defaults are set up in config/initializers/session_store.rb.
• cookies.secure allowing you to set encrypted values in cookies with cookie.secure[:key] => value.
• cookies.permanent allowing you to set permanent values in the cookie hash cookie.permanent[:key] => value that raise exceptions on signed values if verification failures.
• You can now pass :notice => 'This is a flash message' or :alert => 'Something went wrong' to the format call inside a respond_to block. The flash[] hash still works as previously.
• respond_with method has now been added to your controllers simplifying the venerable format blocks.
• ActionController::Responder added allowing you flexibility in how your responses get generated.

Deprecations:

• filter_parameter_logging is deprecated in favor of config.filter_parameters << :password.

More Information:

• Render Options in Rails 3
• Three reasons to love ActionController::Responder

7.3 Action Dispatch

Action Dispatch is new in Rails 3.0 and provides a new, cleaner implementation for routing.

• Big clean up and re-write of the router, the Rails router is now rack_mount with a Rails DSL on top, it is a stand alone piece of software.

• Routes defined by each application are now name spaced within your Application module, that is:

  # Instead of:
  
  ActionController::Routing::Routes.draw do |map|
    map.resources :posts
  end
  
  # You do:
  
  AppName::Application.routes do
    resources :posts
  end
  

  Copy

• Added match method to the router, you can also pass any Rack application to the matched route.

• Added constraints method to the router, allowing you to guard routers with defined constraints.

• Added scope method to the router, allowing you to namespace routes for different languages or different actions, for example:

  scope 'es' do
    resources :projects, :path_names => { :edit => 'cambiar' }, :path => 'proyecto'
  end
  
  # Gives you the edit action with /es/proyecto/1/cambiar
  

  Copy

• Added root method to the router as a short cut for match '/', :to => path.

• You can pass optional segments into the match, for example match "/:controller(/:action(/:id))(.:format)", each parenthesized segment is optional.

• Routes can be expressed via blocks, for example you can call controller :home { match '/:action' }.

Deprecations

• The catch all route for non-REST applications (/:controller/:action/:id) is now commented out.
• Routes :path_prefix no longer exists and :name_prefix now automatically adds "_" at the end of the given value.

More Information: * The Rails 3 Router: Rack it Up * Revamped Routes in Rails 3 * Generic Actions in Rails 3

7.4 Action View

7.4.1 Unobtrusive JavaScript

Major re-write was done in the Action View helpers, implementing Unobtrusive JavaScript (UJS) hooks and removing the old inline AJAX commands. This enables Rails to use any compliant UJS driver to implement the UJS hooks in the helpers.

What this means is that all previous remote_<method> helpers have been removed from Rails core and put into the Prototype Legacy Helper. To get UJS hooks into your HTML, you now pass :remote => true instead. For example:

form_for @post, :remote => true

Produces:

<form action="http://host.com" id="create-post" method="post" data-remote="true">

7.4.2 Helpers with Blocks

Helpers like form_for or div_for that insert content from a block use <%= now:

<%= form_for @post do |f| %>
  ...
<% end %>

Your own helpers of that kind are expected to return a string, rather than appending to the output buffer by hand.

Helpers that do something else, like cache or content_for, are not affected by this change, they need <% as before.

7.4.3 Other Changes

• You no longer need to call h(string) to escape HTML output, it is on by default in all view templates. If you want the unescaped string, call raw(string).
• Helpers now output HTML5 by default.
• Form label helper now pulls values from I18n with a single value, so f.label :name will pull the :name translation.
• I18n select label on should now be :en.helpers.select instead of :en.support.select.
• You no longer need to place a minus sign at the end of a Ruby interpolation inside an ERB template to remove the trailing carriage return in the HTML output.
• Added grouped_collection_select helper to Action View.
• content_for? has been added allowing you to check for the existence of content in a view before rendering.
• passing :value => nil to form helpers will set the field's value attribute to nil as opposed to using the default value
• passing :id => nil to form helpers will cause those fields to be rendered with no id attribute
• passing :alt => nil to image_tag will cause the img tag to render with no alt attribute

8 Active Model

Active Model is new in Rails 3.0. It provides an abstraction layer for any ORM libraries to use to interact with Rails by implementing an Active Model interface.

8.1 ORM Abstraction and Action Pack Interface

Part of decoupling the core components was extracting all ties to Active Record from Action Pack. This has now been completed. All new ORM plugins now just need to implement Active Model interfaces to work seamlessly with Action Pack.

More Information: - Make Any Ruby Object Feel Like ActiveRecord

8.2 Validations

Validations have been moved from Active Record into Active Model, providing an interface to validations that works across ORM libraries in Rails 3.

• There is now a validates :attribute, options_hash shortcut method that allows you to pass options for all the validates class methods, you can pass more than one option to a validate method.
• The validates method has the following options:
  • :acceptance => Boolean.
  • :confirmation => Boolean.
  • :exclusion => { :in => Enumerable }.
  • :inclusion => { :in => Enumerable }.
  • :format => { :with => Regexp, :on => :create }.
  • :length => { :maximum => Fixnum }.
  • :numericality => Boolean.
  • :presence => Boolean.
  • :uniqueness => Boolean.

You can also pass in a validator object, which you can then reuse between objects that use Active Model:

class TitleValidator < ActiveModel::EachValidator
  Titles = ['Mr.', 'Mrs.', 'Dr.']
  def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
    unless Titles.include?(value)
      record.errors[attribute] << 'must be a valid title'
    end
  end
end

class Person
  include ActiveModel::Validations
  attr_accessor :title
  validates :title, :presence => true, :title => true
end

# Or for Active Record

class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
  validates :title, :presence => true, :title => true
end

There's also support for introspection:

User.validators
User.validators_on(:login)

More Information:

• Sexy Validation in Rails 3
• Rails 3 Validations Explained

9 Active Record

Active Record received a lot of attention in Rails 3.0, including abstraction into Active Model, a full update to the Query interface using Arel, validation updates, and many enhancements and fixes. All of the Rails 2.x API will be usable through a compatibility layer that will be supported until version 3.1.

9.1 Query Interface

Active Record, through the use of Arel, now returns relations on its core methods. The existing API in Rails 2.3.x is still supported and will not be deprecated until Rails 3.1 and not removed until Rails 3.2, however, the new API provides the following new methods that all return relations allowing them to be chained together:

• where - provides conditions on the relation, what gets returned.
• select - choose what attributes of the models you wish to have returned from the database.
• group - groups the relation on the attribute supplied.
• having - provides an expression limiting group relations (GROUP BY constraint).
• joins - joins the relation to another table.
• clause - provides an expression limiting join relations (JOIN constraint).
• includes - includes other relations pre-loaded.
• order - orders the relation based on the expression supplied.
• limit - limits the relation to the number of records specified.
• lock - locks the records returned from the table.
• readonly - returns an read only copy of the data.
• from - provides a way to select relationships from more than one table.
• scope - (previously named_scope) return relations and can be chained together with the other relation methods.
• with_scope - and with_exclusive_scope now also return relations and so can be chained.
• default_scope - also works with relations.

More Information:

• Active Record Query Interface
• Let your SQL Growl in Rails 3

9.2 Enhancements

• Added :destroyed? to Active Record objects.
• Added :inverse_of to Active Record associations allowing you to pull the instance of an already loaded association without hitting the database.

9.3 Patches and Deprecations

Additionally, many fixes in the Active Record branch:

• SQLite 2 support has been dropped in favor of SQLite 3.
• MySQL support for column order.
• PostgreSQL adapter has had its TIME ZONE support fixed so it no longer inserts incorrect values.
• Support multiple schemas in table names for PostgreSQL.
• PostgreSQL support for the XML data type column.
• table_name is now cached.
• A large amount of work done on the Oracle adapter as well with many bug fixes.

As well as the following deprecations:

• named_scope in an Active Record class is deprecated and has been renamed to just scope.
• In scope methods, you should move to using the relation methods, instead of a :conditions => {} finder method, for example scope :since, lambda {|time| where("created_at > ?", time) }.
• save(false) is deprecated, in favor of save(:validate => false).
• I18n error messages for Active Record should be changed from :en.activerecord.errors.template to :en.errors.template.
• model.errors.on is deprecated in favor of model.errors[]
• validates_presence_of => validates... :presence => true
• ActiveRecord::Base.colorize_logging and config.active_record.colorize_logging are deprecated in favor of Rails::LogSubscriber.colorize_logging or config.colorize_logging

10 Active Resource

Active Resource was also extracted out to Active Model allowing you to use Active Resource objects with Action Pack seamlessly.

• Added validations through Active Model.
• Added observing hooks.
• HTTP proxy support.
• Added support for digest authentication.
• Moved model naming into Active Model.
• Changed Active Resource attributes to a Hash with indifferent access.
• Added first, last and all aliases for equivalent find scopes.
• find_every now does not return a ResourceNotFound error if nothing returned.
• Added save! which raises ResourceInvalid unless the object is valid?.
• update_attribute and update_attributes added to Active Resource models.
• Added exists?.
• Renamed SchemaDefinition to Schema and define_schema to schema.
• Use the format of Active Resources rather than the content-type of remote errors to load errors.
• Use instance_eval for schema block.
• Fix ActiveResource::ConnectionError#to_s when @response does not respond to #code or #message, handles Ruby 1.9 compatibility.
• Add support for errors in JSON format.
• Ensure load works with numeric arrays.
• Recognizes a 410 response from remote resource as the resource has been deleted.
• Add ability to set SSL options on Active Resource connections.
• Setting connection timeout also affects Net::HTTP open_timeout.

Deprecations:

• save(false) is deprecated, in favor of save(:validate => false).
• Ruby 1.9.2: URI.parse and .decode are deprecated and are no longer used in the library.

11 Active Support

A large effort was made in Active Support to make it cherry pickable, that is, you no longer have to require the entire Active Support library to get pieces of it. This allows the various core components of Rails to run slimmer.

These are the main changes in Active Support:

• Large clean up of the library removing unused methods throughout.
• Active Support no longer provides vendored versions of TZInfo, Memcache Client and Builder. These are all included as dependencies and installed via the bundle install command.
• Safe buffers are implemented in ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer.
• Added Array.uniq_by and Array.uniq_by!.
• Removed Array#rand and backported Array#sample from Ruby 1.9.
• Fixed bug on TimeZone.seconds_to_utc_offset returning wrong value.
• Added ActiveSupport::Notifications middleware.
• ActiveSupport.use_standard_json_time_format now defaults to true.
• ActiveSupport.escape_html_entities_in_json now defaults to false.
• Integer#multiple_of? accepts zero as an argument, returns false unless the receiver is zero.
• string.chars has been renamed to string.mb_chars.
• ActiveSupport::OrderedHash now can de-serialize through YAML.
• Added SAX-based parser for XmlMini, using LibXML and Nokogiri.
• Added Object#presence that returns the object if it's #present? otherwise returns nil.
• Added String#exclude? core extension that returns the inverse of #include?.
• Added to_i to DateTime in ActiveSupport so to_yaml works correctly on models with DateTime attributes.
• Added Enumerable#exclude? to bring parity to Enumerable#include? and avoid if !x.include?.
• Switch to on-by-default XSS escaping for rails.
• Support deep-merging in ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.
• Enumerable#sum now works will all enumerables, even if they don't respond to :size.
• inspect on a zero length duration returns '0 seconds' instead of empty string.
• Add element and collection to ModelName.
• String#to_time and String#to_datetime handle fractional seconds.
• Added support to new callbacks for around filter object that respond to :before and :after used in before and after callbacks.
• The ActiveSupport::OrderedHash#to_a method returns an ordered set of arrays. Matches Ruby 1.9's Hash#to_a.
• MissingSourceFile exists as a constant but it is now just equal to LoadError.
• Added Class#class_attribute, to be able to declare a class-level attribute whose value is inheritable and overwritable by subclasses.
• Finally removed DeprecatedCallbacks in ActiveRecord::Associations.
• Object#metaclass is now Kernel#singleton_class to match Ruby.

The following methods have been removed because they are now available in Ruby 1.8.7 and 1.9.

• Integer#even? and Integer#odd?
• String#each_char
• String#start_with? and String#end_with? (3rd person aliases still kept)
• String#bytesize
• Object#tap
• Symbol#to_proc
• Object#instance_variable_defined?
• Enumerable#none?

The security patch for REXML remains in Active Support because early patch-levels of Ruby 1.8.7 still need it. Active Support knows whether it has to apply it or not.

The following methods have been removed because they are no longer used in the framework:

• Kernel#daemonize
• Object#remove_subclasses_of Object#extend_with_included_modules_from, Object#extended_by
• Class#remove_class
• Regexp#number_of_captures, Regexp.unoptionalize, Regexp.optionalize, Regexp#number_of_captures

12 Action Mailer

Action Mailer has been given a new API with TMail being replaced out with the new Mail as the email library. Action Mailer itself has been given an almost complete re-write with pretty much every line of code touched. The result is that Action Mailer now simply inherits from Abstract Controller and wraps the Mail gem in a Rails DSL. This reduces the amount of code and duplication of other libraries in Action Mailer considerably.

• All mailers are now in app/mailers by default.
• Can now send email using new API with three methods: attachments, headers and mail.
• Action Mailer now has native support for inline attachments using the attachments.inline method.
• Action Mailer emailing methods now return Mail::Message objects, which can then be sent the deliver message to send itself.
• All delivery methods are now abstracted out to the Mail gem.
• The mail delivery method can accept a hash of all valid mail header fields with their value pair.
• The mail delivery method acts in a similar way to Action Controller's respond_to, and you can explicitly or implicitly render templates. Action Mailer will turn the email into a multipart email as needed.
• You can pass a proc to the format.mime_type calls within the mail block and explicitly render specific types of text, or add layouts or different templates. The render call inside the proc is from Abstract Controller and supports the same options.
• What were mailer unit tests have been moved to functional tests.
• Action Mailer now delegates all auto encoding of header fields and bodies to Mail Gem
• Action Mailer will auto encode email bodies and headers for you

Deprecations:

• :charset, :content_type, :mime_version, :implicit_parts_order are all deprecated in favor of ActionMailer.default :key => value style declarations.
• Mailer dynamic create_method_name and deliver_method_name are deprecated, just call method_name which now returns a Mail::Message object.
• ActionMailer.deliver(message) is deprecated, just call message.deliver.
• template_root is deprecated, pass options to a render call inside a proc from the format.mime_type method inside the mail generation block
• The body method to define instance variables is deprecated (body {:ivar => value}), just declare instance variables in the method directly and they will be available in the view.
• Mailers being in app/models is deprecated, use app/mailers instead.

More Information:

• New Action Mailer API in Rails 3
• New Mail Gem for Ruby

13 Credits

See the full list of contributors to Rails for the many people who spent many hours making Rails 3. Kudos to all of them.

Rails 3.0 Release Notes were compiled by Mikel Lindsaar.

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