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Chapters

1. Introduction to Rack
2. Rails on Rack
   • Rails Application's Rack Object
   • bin/rails server
   • rackup
   • Development and Auto-reloading
3. Action Dispatcher Middleware Stack
   • Inspecting Middleware Stack
   • Configuring Middleware Stack
   • Internal Middleware Stack
4. Resources
   • Learning Rack
   • Understanding Middlewares

1 Introduction to Rack

Rack provides a minimal, modular, and adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between (the so-called middleware) into a single method call.

Explaining how Rack works is not really in the scope of this guide. In case you are not familiar with Rack's basics, you should check out the Resources section below.

2 Rails on Rack

2.1 Rails Application's Rack Object

Rails.application is the primary Rack application object of a Rails application. Any Rack compliant web server should be using Rails.application object to serve a Rails application.

2.2 bin/rails server

bin/rails server does the basic job of creating a Rack::Server object and starting the web server.

Here's how bin/rails server creates an instance of Rack::Server

Rails::Server.new.tap do |server|
  require APP_PATH
  Dir.chdir(Rails.application.root)
  server.start
end

The Rails::Server inherits from Rack::Server and calls the Rack::Server#start method this way:

class Server < ::Rack::Server
  def start
    # ...
    super
  end
end

2.3 rackup

To use rackup instead of Rails' bin/rails server, you can put the following inside config.ru of your Rails application's root directory:

# Rails.root/config.ru
require_relative "config/environment"
run Rails.application

And start the server:

$ rackup config.ru

To find out more about different rackup options, you can run:

$ rackup --help

2.4 Development and Auto-reloading

Middlewares are loaded once and are not monitored for changes. You will have to restart the server for changes to be reflected in the running application.

3 Action Dispatcher Middleware Stack

Many of Action Dispatcher's internal components are implemented as Rack middlewares. Rails::Application uses ActionDispatch::MiddlewareStack to combine various internal and external middlewares to form a complete Rails Rack application.

3.1 Inspecting Middleware Stack

Rails has a handy command for inspecting the middleware stack in use:

$ bin/rails middleware

For a freshly generated Rails application, this might produce something like:

use Rack::Sendfile
use ActionDispatch::Static
use ActionDispatch::Executor
use ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache::Middleware
use Rack::Runtime
use Rack::MethodOverride
use ActionDispatch::RequestId
use ActionDispatch::RemoteIp
use Sprockets::Rails::QuietAssets
use Rails::Rack::Logger
use ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions
use WebConsole::Middleware
use ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions
use ActionDispatch::ActionableExceptions
use ActionDispatch::Reloader
use ActionDispatch::Callbacks
use ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending
use ActionDispatch::Cookies
use ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore
use ActionDispatch::Flash
use ActionDispatch::ContentSecurityPolicy::Middleware
use Rack::Head
use Rack::ConditionalGet
use Rack::ETag
use Rack::TempfileReaper
run MyApp::Application.routes

The default middlewares shown here (and some others) are each summarized in the Internal Middlewares section, below.

3.2 Configuring Middleware Stack

Rails provides a simple configuration interface config.middleware for adding, removing, and modifying the middlewares in the middleware stack via application.rb or the environment specific configuration file environments/<environment>.rb.

3.2.1 Adding a Middleware

You can add a new middleware to the middleware stack using any of the following methods:

• config.middleware.use(new_middleware, args) - Adds the new middleware at the bottom of the middleware stack.

• config.middleware.insert_before(existing_middleware, new_middleware, args) - Adds the new middleware before the specified existing middleware in the middleware stack.

• config.middleware.insert_after(existing_middleware, new_middleware, args) - Adds the new middleware after the specified existing middleware in the middleware stack.

# config/application.rb

# Push Rack::BounceFavicon at the bottom
config.middleware.use Rack::BounceFavicon

# Add Lifo::Cache after ActionDispatch::Executor.
# Pass { page_cache: false } argument to Lifo::Cache.
config.middleware.insert_after ActionDispatch::Executor, Lifo::Cache, page_cache: false

3.2.2 Swapping a Middleware

You can swap an existing middleware in the middleware stack using config.middleware.swap.

# config/application.rb

# Replace ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions with Lifo::ShowExceptions
config.middleware.swap ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions, Lifo::ShowExceptions

3.2.3 Deleting a Middleware

Add the following lines to your application configuration:

# config/application.rb
config.middleware.delete Rack::Runtime

And now if you inspect the middleware stack, you'll find that Rack::Runtime is not a part of it.

$ bin/rails middleware
(in /Users/lifo/Rails/blog)
use ActionDispatch::Static
use #<ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache::Middleware:0x00000001c304c8>
...
run Rails.application.routes

If you want to remove session related middleware, do the following:

# config/application.rb
config.middleware.delete ActionDispatch::Cookies
config.middleware.delete ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore
config.middleware.delete ActionDispatch::Flash

And to remove browser related middleware,

# config/application.rb
config.middleware.delete Rack::MethodOverride

If you want an error to be raised when you try to delete a non-existent item, use delete! instead.

# config/application.rb
config.middleware.delete! ActionDispatch::Executor

3.3 Internal Middleware Stack

Much of Action Controller's functionality is implemented as Middlewares. The following list explains the purpose of each of them:

Rack::Sendfile

• Sets server specific X-Sendfile header. Configure this via config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header option.

ActionDispatch::Static

• Used to serve static files from the public directory. Disabled if config.public_file_server.enabled is false.

Rack::Lock

• Sets env["rack.multithread"] flag to false and wraps the application within a Mutex.

ActionDispatch::Executor

• Used for thread safe code reloading during development.

ActiveSupport::Cache::Strategy::LocalCache::Middleware

• Used for memory caching. This cache is not thread safe.

Rack::Runtime

• Sets an X-Runtime header, containing the time (in seconds) taken to execute the request.

Rack::MethodOverride

• Allows the method to be overridden if params[:_method] is set. This is the middleware which supports the PUT and DELETE HTTP method types.

ActionDispatch::RequestId

• Makes a unique X-Request-Id header available to the response and enables the ActionDispatch::Request#request_id method.

ActionDispatch::RemoteIp

• Checks for IP spoofing attacks.

Sprockets::Rails::QuietAssets

• Suppresses logger output for asset requests.

Rails::Rack::Logger

• Notifies the logs that the request has begun. After the request is complete, flushes all the logs.

ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions

• Rescues any exception returned by the application and calls an exceptions app that will wrap it in a format for the end user.

ActionDispatch::DebugExceptions

• Responsible for logging exceptions and showing a debugging page in case the request is local.

ActionDispatch::ActionableExceptions

• Provides a way to dispatch actions from Rails' error pages.

ActionDispatch::Reloader

• Provides prepare and cleanup callbacks, intended to assist with code reloading during development.

ActionDispatch::Callbacks

• Provides callbacks to be executed before and after dispatching the request.

ActiveRecord::Migration::CheckPending

• Checks pending migrations and raises ActiveRecord::PendingMigrationError if any migrations are pending.

ActionDispatch::Cookies

• Sets cookies for the request.

ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore

• Responsible for storing the session in cookies.

ActionDispatch::Flash

• Sets up the flash keys. Only available if config.session_store is set to a value.

ActionDispatch::ContentSecurityPolicy::Middleware

• Provides a DSL to configure a Content-Security-Policy header.

Rack::Head

• Converts HEAD requests to GET requests and serves them as so.

Rack::ConditionalGet

• Adds support for "Conditional GET" so that server responds with nothing if the page wasn't changed.

Rack::ETag

• Adds ETag header on all String bodies. ETags are used to validate cache.

Rack::TempfileReaper

• Cleans up tempfiles used to buffer multipart requests.

4 Resources

4.1 Learning Rack

• Official Rack Website
• Introducing Rack

4.2 Understanding Middlewares

• Railscast on Rack Middlewares

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